What path should global tourism take ?
Why 'degrowth' is not the answer to mass tourism's post pandemic problems.
Last week we featured Derek Bryce’s heartfelt account of the devastating impact of state enforced limits to mobility on leisure, love and life in general. This week we share a piece (adapted from a contribution to the ATLAS 2020 Review bulletin) challenging the view that less is more when it comes to our holidays.
I want to challenge the view that that a ‘new normal’ post-pandemic should be informed by the ‘degrowth’ approach and philosophy. Many writing on this see Covid-19 as an opportunity to challenge ‘overtourism’ or ‘travelitis’, and hence see some sort of silver lining to the pandemic: a lesson for hubristic humanity perhaps.
I don’t agree. It has been an unmitigated disaster for the tourism and hospitality industries, and in every other respect.
The lesson that some feel we should learn from the experience of Covid-19 is that we can get by with less, that having stuff is overrated and that ‘degrowth’ is needed to rebalance the relationship between human culture and the natural world.
I see the lesson in very different terms. The pandemic reinforces the need for systematic economic development, which will involve a future oriented, optimistic and liberatory vision for a richer society in which more people can travel to see the world and enjoy all it has to offer.
The expansion of travel and leisure is a product of, and integral to, modern economic development. It is through modern development that pandemics and natural disasters no longer devastate in the way they have in the past. Look at a table of the deaths through pandemics (or fires, floods or famine for that matter) and it becomes clear that, contrary to the contemporary pessimistic mood, systematic industrial development has some strong redeeming features.
Economic growth (for all its faults and limitations – I am no Panglossian), is far less of a problem than lack of economic growth. It is lack of economic development that means for many furlough payments during the pandemic were a pipe dream, vaccines were in short supply and modern healthcare was simply not available. It is poverty that means so many people live cheek by jowl with nature, relying on wet markets lacking proper refrigeration facilities to buy their food, thus multiplying the risk of animal to human viral transmission. It is also poverty that means an illegal trade in Pangolins continues despite the possibility that one of these creatures may have been a link in the viral chain. Richer nations, and the growing wealthier classes in poorer nations, go to the supermarket, not a red tooth or claw in site.
Yet it is degrowth, not growth, that has become a motif of modern ‘critical tourism studies’. For the Political Ecology Network: ‘we cannot afford to return to levels of travel experienced previously, particularly by the wealthiest segment of the world's population. This is not only because of the social unrest overtourism provoked, but also because of the industry's environmental damages […] which were already beyond unsustainable’ (Fletcher, Mas, Blázquez-Salom, & Blanco-Romero, 2020). They argue for ‘voluntary tourism downsizing beyond the current crisis as part of an overarching society-wide degrowth programme in pursuit of post-capitalism’ (ibid.), and call for ‘direct restrictions on the quantity of mass transport– and especially airplanes – reaching a given destination’ (ibid).
Other scholars echo degrowth guru Serge Latouche: ‘[d]egrowth must apply to the south as much as to the north if there is to be any chance to stop southern societies from rushing up the blind ally of growth economics’ (2004). This despite the fact that the World Food Program have pointed out that a ‘hunger pandemic’ threatens to eclipse the effects of Covid-19 (Anthem, 2020). Voices as diverse as economist and poverty expert Branko Milanovic (2017) and Marxist science writer Leigh Phillips (2015) concur that degrowth involves extreme austerity, neither feasible nor beneficial to anyone.
Others make a cultural case for degrowth, highlighting a corrosive ‘culture-ideology of consumerism’ (Higgins-Desbiolles, 2020). Pernecky argues that ‘our momentary loss of tourism may bring with it a renewed appreciation and care, which has been eroded by rampant commodification and comatose consumerism’ (Pernecky, 2020: 657). Everingham and Chassagne (2020) also see COVID-19 as an ‘[o]pportunity to both politically and publicly change our lifestyle, and the failing economic model that supports it’ (Pernecky, 2020: 564).
But tourists are not ‘comatose consumers’ - objects propelled by growth obsessed companies. They are autonomous decision makers, with desires and morals of their own. The treatment of consumers in this debate is often demeaning - following a long tradition dating back to modern tourism’s origins, the ‘mass’ in mass tourism is a code for ‘lacking individuality and agency’.
Covid-19, in particular the impact on regions with a large tourism economy, is also seen as a reason to ‘… re-localize economic activity to make destinations less vulnerable to vicissitudes of global markets …’ (Fletcher et al., 2020).
Whilst there is a case for reining in globalisation (Gray, 2020), Covid-19 has hit all forms of tourism and hospitality, local and national. Relocalisation also carries disastrous implications for societies currently benefiting from international tourism.
Surely it is better to confront the unequal and uneven growth that characterises the world economy than to stand against growth itself. The advocates of degrowth are correct that growth is not the sine qua non of a free and fulfilled society. But whilst growth is not a sufficient condition for a better tourism, it is a necessary one.
Effectively proposing the reversal of economic growth is unrealistic and misguided. It would contribute greatly to poverty, adding to the dire effects of Covid-19. It also involves a retreat from mobility, economies of scale, division of labour, specialisation and scientific innovation. The aftermath of Covid-19 is a good time to broach a critique of the critics.
References:
Anthem, 2020 Risk of hunger pandemic as coronavirus set to almost double acute hunger by end of 2020, World Food Programme Insight (2020) 16 April 2020. Available: https://insight.wfp.org/covid-19-will-almost-double-people-in-acute-hunger-by-end-of2020-59df0c4a8072
Everingham and Chassagne, 2020, Post Covid-19 ecological and social reset: Moving away from capitalist growth models towards tourism as Buen Vivir, Tourism Geographies, 22 (3), pp. 555-566
Fletcher, R., I.M. Mas, M. Blázquez-Salom, A. Blanco-Romero, Tourism, degrowth, and the COVID-19 crisis, Pollen/Political Ecology Network (2020) Available: https://politicalecologynetwork.org/2020/03/24/tourism-degrowth-and-the-covid-19-crisis/
Gray, 2020, Why this crisis is a turning point in history, The New Statesman (2020). April 1. Available at: https://www.newstatesman.com/international/2020/04/why-crisis-turningpoint-history
Higgins-Desbiolles, F. 2020, The end of global travel as we know it: An opportunity for sustainable tourism The Conversation. March 17. Available at: https://theconversation.com/the-end-of-global-travel-as-we-know-it-an-opportunity-forsustainable-tourism-133783
Latouche, S. 2004, Degrowth economics: Why less should be so much more, Le Mond Diplomatique. (2004) November. Available: https://mondediplo.com/2004/11/14latouche
Milanovic, B. 2017, The illusion of “degrowth” in a poor and unequal world, Global Inequality, November 18. Available: http://glineq.blogspot.com/2017/11/the-illusion-ofdegrowth-in-poor-and.html
Pernecky, T. 2020, Critical tourism scholars: Brokers of hope, Tourism Geographies, 22 (3) (2020), pp. 657-666
Phillips, L. 2015, Austerity ecology & the collapse-porn addicts: A defence of growth, Progress, industry and stuff, Zero Books, London
Jim Butcher is based at Canterbury Christ Church University in the UK. He researches and writes on contemporary tourism and politics. Jim is on the board of Academics for Academic Freedom (AFAF) and co-edits the Tourism Horizon: Travel for the Millions substack.